Sole Trader vs Limited Company: Key Differences Explained

Every business owner’s journey starts with one question: ‘Should I become a sole trader or form a limited company? This simple, yet crucial, question can change how your company looks and operates. However, what is the difference between a sole trader and a limited company and how can you choose the best structure for your company?

Our blog explains the key differences between the two business organisational structures. We’ll be focusing on key aspects such as liability, tax implications, administrative responsibilities and more.

So keep reading if you’re hoping to start a business but are unsure whether to set up as a sole trader or a limited company set up. 

What Do Sole Trader and Limited Company Mean?

So before we dive into all the key differences, let's explain what ‘sole trader’ and ‘limited company’ mean.

As a sole trader, your business and you are considered one legal entity, which means you and your business are one in the eyes of the law. This means that all of your profits belong to you, as well as all other legal responsibilities also known as ‘liabilities’. These liabilities include assets (like stock, buildings or equipment) and intangible things such as debt.

As you are solely responsible for your company, you are responsible for all these liabilities. Therefore, if your company has accrued a lot of debt, you are personally responsible for paying off the debt. In the worst-case scenario, you may have to use savings or even sell your car or home to pay off the debt. Only one person can own and operate a sole trader business, the clue is in the name: ‘sole’. Most business owners opt for a sole trader organisation when they begin as it is easier to set up and has a lower administrative burden.

As a limited liability company, you and your business are separate legal entities. This means your business exists on its own. The owner(s) (shareholders) and manager(s) (directors) of the limited company are not responsible for any business liabilities and their personal assets are not tied to the company. You’re only liable for the money/assets you originally put into the business. Finally, unlike a sole trader a limited company can have multiple directors and shareholders.

A limited company protects your assets better than a sole trader organisation. However, it does take longer to set up and has higher administrative requirements, which is why most business owners may opt to incorporate later. 

Liability

Liability is the main difference between a sole trader and a limited company business structure. Simply put, a sole trader has unlimited personal liability when it comes to their company. Whereas, a limited company has limited personal liability– you’ll only be liable for any funds or assets you put into the business.

Essentially, as a sole trader there is a risk that if your business incurs debt or faces legal issues, you will have to pay out of pocket. This can be especially difficult if your personal money is tied to assets like a house or car. If you can’t pay your company’s debts your assets are on the line.

Alternatively, with a limited liability company, your company’s debts are separate from your personal assets. Which means there is less overall risk when it comes to owning an LTD. 

Sole Trader vs Limited Company: Tax Obligations

Of course, tax and tax obligations look different for each company type. As a sole trader, you must pay two types of tax on your profit, Income Tax and National Insurance Contributions (NICs). This is calculated from a yearly ‘Self Assessment’ submitted by you to HMRC.

Because there’s no legal separation between sole traders’ personal finances and those of the business, you’ll pay Income Tax on your profits whether or not you use them personally.

You start paying Income Tax once you earn more than £12,570 in a year. After you cross the threshold you will have to pay a certain percentage of tax.

NICs are paid so that you qualify for government benefits and public services. It is paid by anyone who works. As a sole trader, you will pay class 4 NICs, which were recently reduced to 6% on April 6th 2024.

These taxes are calculated by HMRC using your yearly self-assessment, which means every January you’ll receive a tax bill to cover the previous financial year.

The self-assessment is one of the few administrative obligations you’ll have as a sole trader, but it's important to prepare for it. As a sole trader, you’ll need to budget for an annual tax bill or your tax bill can put you in a tough financial spot. You can use online calculators to determine how much income tax you’ll have to pay so you are prepared.

As a limited company, you'll need to pay Corporation Tax and file a company tax return. Corporation Tax, also known as Company Tax, is paid based on your yearly profits. The current company tax rate is 25.6% and there is no tax-free allowance (as you get with income tax) you start to pay from your first pound of profit.

However, in many ways, you can be more tax-efficient as a limited company. Since you’ll be the company’s director and shareholder, you can choose to pay yourself a smaller salary, to avoid being double charged on National Insurance (a tax which both the employer and employee pay) and pay yourself in dividends. A dividend is a payment made to a shareholder from the company’s profits after tax, and they’re not subject to National Insurance. You’ll still need to pay tax on your dividend income, but Dividend Tax starts at a much lower rate than Income Tax.

Finally, as a limited company, you’ll need to keep on top of your tax obligations. As a company both the company’s profits are taxed as well as the income of any individual within the company. This means more paperwork and more tax rules to follow. However, you can hire an accountant or use accounting software to help you with this. 

Funding and Investment 

Finding funding and investment can be very different for sole traders and limited companies. As a sole trader, you may find yourself relying on your personal savings or taking out a loan for funding. Simply because banks are less likely to fund sole traders due to the issue of unlimited liability and professional image.

However, sole traders do have options like crowdfunding, but some financing sites require a business to issue shares in exchange for funding. To issue shares, you must be a limited company. While finding funding as a sole trader isn’t impossible, it's far harder than a limited company. This can be especially difficult if you are aiming to raise a large amount of capital.

As a limited company, you can access all funding options especially when you offer shares in return. 

Flexibility and Growth Potential 

One benefit of being a sole trader is the flexibility. You will be the sole owner and decision-maker for your company, which means you have total control over your company. This can allow you to adapt quickly and scale up your business well.

As a limited company owner, you may have to go through a structured management process and governance before adapting your business. Of course, if you are the sole director and owner, this will not be the case.

However, overall a limited company is better suited for growth and scalability due to easier access to funding and the structure. As your limited company is a separate entity, it can exist without you. LTDs can have multiple owners and directors in their lifetime- and often do. With a limited company, you have the potential to create a company that lives on even after you choose to move on. 

Credibility and Professional Image 

One final key difference between an LTD and a sole trader is credibility. A sole trader structure may be perceived as being less formal and professional. This can have an adverse effect when applying for funding, trying to secure large contracts or attracting partners. As a sole trader, you pose a risk of losing out due to a lack of a professional image. 

Whereas, with a limited company you are perceived to be more established, stable and trustworthy. This is particularly beneficial if you are seeking funding or trying to secure a large client. You can bring an extra level of professionalism by simply incorporating. 

Still Unsure About Which Structure Type? Here’s a Decision Guide.

There are three main factors to consider before making your decision:

• Risk Tolerance: Consider whether you will be comfortable with the potential of risking your personal assets. 
• Growth: Where do you see your business going? If you are hoping to scale it via funding or other avenues, you may want to examine the restrictions of being a sole trader. 
• Admin: How much time and resources can you dedicate to tax and yearly filings? A limited company has a lot of extra administrative duties, this can become a burden if you do not have the ability to manage them.

Pros of Being a Sole Trader:

• Less administrative work
• Simple to set up 
• Full control and flexibility 
• Simpler tax obligations 

Cons of Being a Sole Trader: 

• Unlimited liability 
• Limited growth potential
•  Less credibility 
• Harder to access funding  

Pros of a Limited Company 

• Limited liability
• Better growth potential 
• Better credibility 
• Easier to access funding
• Tax efficacy

Cons of a Limited Company 

• More administrative work 
• Complex setup 
• Ongoing compliance and filings 
• More tax obligations 

Conclusion 

There you have it, the key differences between two company organisational structures. Making the decision between a sole transfer and a limited company can be daunting. Take time to understand how each aspect, liability, tax, girth and professional image will affect your company. Ultimately, it's your decision to make, and it is crucial to pick an organisational type that will work for you and your profits.

Don’t forget: if you choose to become a sole trader, you are able to switch to a limited company at any point. However, you may need to make sure your company name is available to reserve and not already in use.

Are you looking to start a limited company but feeling unsure about the process? We are here to help! Our company formation process is here to make the complex, simple. We can help you form a company in 4 easy steps as well as provide other valuable business support to make starting your company easy and stress-free.

Why waste precious time on the company formation process? Let us focus on the details as you build your business.

• Need more business advice? Read our start-up hub.